疝修补术的发展与材料科学进步密切相关。人工合成不可吸收补片在疝修补术中应用广泛且取得了良好的临床效果，但由于材料本身的特性，虽降低了疝修补术患者的复发率，却存在异物感、慢性疼痛、周围组织粘连及感染等并发症。生物补片因其可降解的特性，使这些并发症的发生风险显著降低。生物补片具有生物相容性佳、可降解、能诱导组织再生、抗感染性较好等优势，但存在成本高、免疫相关不良反应、组织强度及长期疗效具有争议等不足。本文对生物补片在疝修补术中的应用研究进行系统综述，分别阐述其在腹股沟疝、腹壁疝、食管裂孔疝及造口旁疝手术中的优势与局限性。未来随着材料技术的进步及多中心、大样本量、长随访时间的临床研究开展，生物补片在疝修补术中的临床应用将更加规范，遵循个体化原则，为疝疾病的精准治疗提供新的依据。

The evolution of hernia repair surgery has been closely tied to advancements in materials science. Synthetic, non-absorbable meshes were widely applied and had achieved favorable clinical outcomes by significantly reducing recurrence rate. However, due to their inherent material properties, their permanent implantation is associated with specific complications, including foreign body sensation, chronic pain, adhesions to surrounding tissues, and mesh infection. Biological meshes, owing to their degradable nature, may significantly reduce the risk of these complications. The advantages of biological meshes include excellent biocompatibility, degradability, the capacity to induce tissue regeneration, and a favorable profile against infection. Nevertheless, their clinical application was limited by high costs, potential immune-mediated adverse reactions, and ongoing debate regarding their mechanical strength and long-term efficacy. This article provides a systematic review of the application of biological meshes in hernia repair, elaborating on their respective advantages and limitations in inguinal hernia, ventral hernia, hiatal hernia, and parastomal hernia repair. With the development of material technology and completion of multi-center, large-sample, long-term follow-up clinical trials, the application of biological meshes in hernia repair is expected to become more standardized. They will provide a new foundation for the precision management of hernia repair.