近年来，原发性肝癌发病率逐年上升，因起病隐匿，早期发现、诊断困难，临床上急需一些简便有效的检测方法用以筛查、诊断。尿液中含有丰富的蛋白质、循环核酸、代谢物等，且获取无创、便捷、可重复。目前已经有研究发现检测尿液中各种特异性和非特异性产物，能够应用于原发性肝癌的筛查、诊断、判断预后及长期监测，随着方法学的进步，将来可能在日常生活中推广，从而获得早发现、早诊断。本文对尿液中常用于检测的各组分及其相关的研究结果进行阐述。

In recent years, the incidence of primary hepatic carcinoma has been increasing year by year, the insidious onset of primary hepatic carcinoma increases the difficulty of early detection and diagnosis. Simple and effective detection methods are urgently needed for screening and diagnosis in clinical practice. Urine is rich in protein, circulating nucleic acids, metabolites, and its acquisition is non-invasive, convenient and repeatable. Studies have found that the detection of various specific and non-specific products in urine plays a crucial role in screening, diagnosis, evaluating prognosis and long-term monitoring of primary hepatic carcinoma. With the advancement of methodology, it may be promoted in daily life in the future, so as to obtain early detection and early diagnosis. This article will describe the components commonly used for detection in urine and their related research results.