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中华普通外科学文献(电子版) ›› 2026, Vol. 20 ›› Issue (03) : 192 -199. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-0793.2026.03.009

综述

老年胃肠癌患者多模式预康复:异质性挑战与分类管理策略
高嘉敏, 韩俊毅()   
  1. 200120 上海,上海市东方医院胃肠外科
  • 收稿日期:2025-08-18 出版日期:2026-06-01
  • 通信作者: 韩俊毅
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金资助项目(82160515); 上海市浦东新区卫生系统学科建设计划特色专病建设资助项目(PWZzb2022-06); 2024年度“浦东新区卫生系统领先人才培养计划”(PWR12024-05)

Multimodal prehabilitation in elderly patients with gastrointestinal cancer: challenges of heterogeneity and classification-based management strategies

Jiamin Gao, Junyi Han()   

  1. Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai 200120, China
  • Received:2025-08-18 Published:2026-06-01
  • Corresponding author: Junyi Han
引用本文:

高嘉敏, 韩俊毅. 老年胃肠癌患者多模式预康复:异质性挑战与分类管理策略[J/OL]. 中华普通外科学文献(电子版), 2026, 20(03): 192-199.

Jiamin Gao, Junyi Han. Multimodal prehabilitation in elderly patients with gastrointestinal cancer: challenges of heterogeneity and classification-based management strategies[J/OL]. Chinese Archives of General Surgery(Electronic Edition), 2026, 20(03): 192-199.

本文系统综述了老年胃肠癌患者多模式预康复的研究进展与临床效果差异,重点总结多模式预康复的核心组成部分,包括运动训练、营养优化、心理支持及合并症管理。随机对照试验的证据显示,老年人群的预康复效果存在显著异质性,主要源于其基线生理功能与合并症状况的差异。本文提出基于多维指标系统的人群分层框架,以指导不同亚组患者的个体化预康复策略制定。同时,文章探讨了人工智能技术在个体化评估与风险预测中的潜在应用,为老年肿瘤精准预康复的实践提供新的思路。

This review provides a comprehensive overview of multimodal prehabilitation in elderly patients with gastrointestinal cancer, highlighting recent advances and variations in clinical outcomes. The principal components of multimodal prehabilitation—including exercise training, nutritional optimization, psychological support, and comorbidity management—are systematically summarized. Evidence from randomized controlled trials demonstrates considerable heterogeneity in prehabilitation efficacy among elderly adults, largely attributable to differences in baseline physiological function and comorbid conditions. A multidimensional assessment framework is proposed to facilitate population stratification and the development of tailored prehabilitation strategies for distinct patient subgroups. Furthermore, the emerging role of artificial intelligence in individualized assessment and risk prediction is discussed, offering new perspectives for implementing precision prehabilitation in geriatric oncology.

表1 随机对照试验总结
第一作者/发表年 样本量/年龄(岁) 样本 干预措施 结局(并发症/死亡、住院天数等) 结论 缺陷 癌种
Barberan-Garcia,20187 144例;预康复组71±10,对照组71±11 年龄>70岁;和/或美国麻醉医师协会评分Ⅲ/Ⅰ 动机性访谈、高强度耐力训练及个性化计划 并发症:干预31%比对照62%(RR≈0.5,95% CI: 0.3~0.8),显著下降30 d死亡无明显差异;ICU入住天数:干预3 (2) d比对照12(20) d,P≈0.046; 30 d再入院:干预3%比控制18%(显著) 预康复是择期腹部大手术高危候选人术后并发症的保护因素 仅包括高危患者 腹部恶性肿瘤混合人群(以结直肠癌为主)
Barberan-Garcia,20198 125例;71±11 年龄70岁以上和ASA身体状况3/4定义为手术并发症高风险 动机性访谈、高强度耐力训练 并发症:围手术期并发症减少,术后3、6个月有氧能力和身体活动受益;30 d再入院率:干预组显著低于对照组,术后3个月耐力时间仍高于对照组,6个月身体活动水平(YPAS指数)显著更高,P=0.016 预康复对有氧能力和身体活动的益处在术后3~6个月显示出可持续性,有助于减少围手术期并发症 主要结局是针对术后并发症进行设计,而结论中的术后康复、医疗成本等方面的影响属于次要结果,当前结论只是提出了一些假设,还需证实 腹部恶性肿瘤混合人群(以结直肠癌为主)
Carli,202016 110例;预康复组72~82,对照组75~84 65岁以上计划接受非转移性结直肠癌手术治疗的连续患者 运动干预(有氧活动、阻力训练、伸展运动)、营养干预、心理干预 并发症:30 d综合并发症指数无差异(P=0.45),并发症总发生率均为45.5%;住院天数:无组间差异,预康复组为4(3~8)d,对照组5(3~9)d;30 d再入院率:预康复组3.6%比对照组9.1% 预康复未能减少结直肠癌切除术(主要为微创手术)虚弱患者的术后并发症;同时,未观察到原发性和总住院时长、再入院率和急诊科就诊率、术后步行能力及患者报告结果测量(PROM)的组间差异 阴性结果 结直肠癌
Minnella,20189 51例;预康复组67.3±7.4,对照组68.0±11.6 年满18岁且选择性转诊治疗非转移性食管胃癌 适度锻炼(耐力训练)、营养计划 并发症:术前身体状况显著改善,术后并发症数量和严重程度差异无统计学意义;死亡:对照组2例(8%),预康复组0例(0);住院天数:预康复组8.0(5.75~11.75)d,对照组7.0(5.5~12.5)d;30 d再入院率:预康复组4%比对照组8% 接受恶性食管胃癌手术的患者康复前诱导的身体状况显著改善 需要进一步调查以确定干预的最佳方式及对肿瘤结局的影响;老年患者比例未知 食管胃癌
Bausys,202310 122例;预康复组61±11,对照组64±10 接受择期胃癌手术或新辅助化疗后手术的≥18岁患者符合研究条件 高强度锻炼(耐力训练、呼吸肌训练、阻力训练、伸展运动)营养计划和心理支持 并发症:术后90 d发病率降低60%(干预组23.7%比对照组59.3%,P=0.001),轻微并发症差异显著;死亡:90 d死亡率无显著组间差异;住院天数:预康复组(11±7) d,对照组(13±9) d(P=0.083);90 d再入院率:预康复组3.4%比对照组11.9% 预康复改善了患者的身体状况,并使术后90 d的发病率降低了60%,提高了患者依从性和的生活质量 预康复对无氧阈没有影响;老年患者比例未知 食管-胃结合部癌/胃癌
Allen,202211 54例;预康复组65±6,对照组62±9 接受新辅助治疗、食管胃切除术或全胃切除术的局部晚期食管胃结合部癌患者 高强度锻炼(骑行、阻力训练);营养支持、心理干预 并发症:肺部并发症预康复组59%比对照组78%(P=0.079),未证明减少肌肉萎缩症;死亡:术后60 d内无死亡,90 d内预康复组2例死于疾病复发;住院天数:预康复组中位数11(9~21)d,对照组16(9~33)d;30 d再入院率:预康复组22%比对照组23%(P=0.815) 在接受新辅助治疗的食管胃癌患者中,运动和心理预康复证实安全;预康复有可能减缓了VO2峰值的降低速度 主要结局:无氧阈没有明显的组间差异;老年患者比例未知;无法证明预康复减少肌肉萎缩的进展;规模小且预康复例数少(仅18例) 食管胃癌
Ramírez-Martín,202212 74例;84.5±4.5 诊断为结直肠癌且适合手术的患者 个性化预康复,包括多组分体育锻炼、补充营养(普通营养补充剂、铁剂、维生素D)、抗抑郁治疗、药理处方 并发症:frail患者医疗并发症50%,手术并发症20%,fit患者分别为21.2%、15.2%;frail患者谵妄发生率30%比fit患者9.1%;6个月死亡率:frail患者10%,fit患者3%;12个月死亡率:frail患者20%,fit患者6.1%;住院天数:frail患者(10±6.2)d,fit患者(8.4±4.2)d;30 d再入院率:frail患者15%,fit患者6.3% CGA揭示了术前可改善的临床问题,预康复措施降低了术后并发症的发生率 缺乏对照组,研究规模小 结直肠癌
Chen,202413 115例;73~74 65岁以上虚弱指数≥2的老年患者,择期胃癌手术 3周多模式预康复(有氧+阻力运动、呼吸训练、营养补充+饮食指导、心理干预) 并发症:30 d CCI无差异,干预组(6.1±15.8)比对照组(9.8±12.7),P=0.291;严重并发症(CCI>20)11.1%比25.9%(P=0.005),医疗并发症12.3% 比29.3%(P=0.025);死亡:干预组1例院内死亡(1.8%),对照组0;住院天数:中位数均为8 d(干预组6~10 d比对照组7~11 d,P=0.493);6MWD:术前干预组增加40.5米,47.4%患者改善≥20米,63.2%术后恢复至基线水平,对照组分别为27.6%、43.1% 预康复不影响30 d总并发症率,但减少严重并发症和医疗并发症,改善围手术期功能 单中心研究,样本量较小,未盲法干预,结果受加速康复外科方案影响 胃癌
台瑞,2024 14 78例;46~80,总体(67.15±9.18);对照组(66.52±9.26),干预组(67.82±9.17) 胃肠道恶性肿瘤(胃癌29.5%、结直肠癌70.5%),择期腹腔镜手术 院前多模式预康复(呼吸肌训练+有氧运动、口服营养补充、心理干预),干预时间5~10 d 并发症:干预组7.9%比SD组20.0%(P=0.053);死亡:未提及;住院天数:干预组(98.42±3.13)d比对照组(8.71±2.56)d,P=0.639;其他:首次排气/排便/进食/下床时间均早于对照组(P<0.05),较基线6MWD增加(23.42±13.26)米,对照组为(-3.75±12.08)米 院前多模式预康复可提高患者术前功能,加快术后消化道恢复和早期活动 单中心,居家干预依从性未完全验证,缺乏长期随访数据 胃肠道恶性肿瘤(胃癌、结直肠癌)
Wang,2023 15 190例(匹配后各95例),年龄≥65岁(中位71岁) 65岁以上结直肠癌患者,择期根治性手术 短期院内监督多模式预康复(5~12 d,有氧+阻力+呼吸训练、营养干预、心理疏导) 并发症:两组无差异(干预组31.6%比对照组30.5%,P=0.764);死亡:干预组2例30 d死亡(2.1%),对照组0;住院天数:术后干预组8.0(3.0)d比对照组10.0(5.0)d(P=0.007);其他:首次排气/下床时间更早,术前焦虑发生率9%比28%(P<0.001),术后1个月心理维度QoL更好 短期院内预康复可行性高,可改善老年结直肠癌患者术前功能,加快术后恢复,提升心理状态 单中心回顾性研究,非随机分组,高风险患者排除导致普适性受限 结直肠癌
图1 老年胃肠癌患者多维分层与分类管理框架 医院焦虑抑郁量表(HADS);广泛性焦虑障碍量表(GAD-7)
表2 针对老年患者4种特定人群多模式预康复的不同建议
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