Enterostomy is a key surgical procedure for treating various colorectal, pelvic, and abdominal diseases. However, its postoperative complications cannot be overlooked. Stoma outlet obstruction (SOO), as a common and challenging complication, severely affects patients’ postoperative recovery, nutritional status, quality of life, and may lead to readmission or even emergency surgery. This review aims to systematically integrate current clinical research on SOO, thoroughly exploring its epidemiology, pathophysiological mechanisms, multidimensional risk factors, clinical diagnostic methods, and comprehensive prevention and management strategies. By synthesizing existing literature, this article aims to provide clinicians with comprehensive understanding of SOO, with the goal of optimizing perioperative patient management, reducing complication rates, and improving patient outcomes.