Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in China, and extrahepatic metastasis is an important reason for its poor prognosis. With the continuous progress of imaging technology, the detection rate of HCC with extrahepatic metastasis is increasing year by year, among which the lung is the most common extrahepatic metastatic organ. The situation of HCC patients with lung metastasis is complex, which is very difficult to deal with and the treatment mode is still inconclusive. All kinds of guidelines only recommend systematic treatment, but with little effect. In this paper, various treatments for lung metastasis of HCC are summarized in order to provide the best individualized comprehensive treatment strategy for patients, so as to improve their survival benefits.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) has been a common malignant tumor in China. Through the great effort in cancer prevention and treatment, the 5-year survival rate of patients with CRC in China has been largely improved. However, insufficient early diagnosis and treatment have seriously impeded the prognosis of Chinese CRC patients. The Early Diagnosis and Treatment Group of the Chinese Medical Association, Oncology Branch organized experts in the area of CRC to write the Expert Consensus on the Early Diagnosis and Treatment of Colorectal Cancer in China and issued it publicly (2020 edition). The 2020 edition of expert consensus has been meaningful to the early diagnosis and standardized treatment of CRC. Based on the prior edition, the Early Diagnosis and Treatment Group of the Chinese Medical Association, Oncology Branch revise the consensus focused on the early screening and diagnosis protocols for colorectal cancer, endoscopic/surgical management of early colorectal tumor, as well as adjuvant treatment and remedial measures and follow-up monitoring protocols. The 2023 edition of the consensus not only synthesized the latest evidence from China and combined it with the specific national condition and clinical practice, but also referred to the international guidelines. This 2023 edition consensus, developed for clinicians working on the screening, early diagnosis and treatment for CRC, would further promote the standardization and advances in the diagnosis and treatment of CRC at the early stage in China, and improve the survival and prognosis of CRC.

本文是中国医师协会血管外科专业委员会静脉学组就临床常见的静脉疾病包括单纯下肢静脉曲张、非血栓性髂静脉压迫综合征、急性下肢静脉血栓形成以及深静脉血栓形成后综合征的诊断方法、诊断依据、各种手术方法的指征、术前准备、手术操作、术后处理以及并发症的处理等一系列规范进行阐述，用来指导临床实践。

Peritoneal loose body (PLB) is often found accidentally during surgery, but has not attracted general attention for a long time due to its characters of small size and no relationship with the original surgical lesion. In recent years, the incidence of PLB has been increasing. With the advancement of imaging technology, the detection rate of PLB has increased, and many large PLB cases with symptoms have been reported. There are three main clinical features of PLB: (1) high mobility; (2) no blood supply; (3) negative tumor markers. The images of PLB vary at different CT levels. According to its maximum central section, PLB can be roughly classified into four types: (1) two density structures; (2) three-layer density structure; (3) multi-layer density structure; (4) hybrid density structure. According to the gross appearances of PLB, it can be divided into three types: (1) general type with diameter < 5.0 cm; (2) giant type with diameter between 5.0 and 10.0 cm; (3) extremely large type with diameter > 10.0 cm. The diagnostic and therapeutic modality of PLB: (1) asymptomatic general type PLB accidentally discovered in physical examination can be left untreated and followed up; (2) PLB accidentally found during surgery should be retrieved; (3) giant or extremely large PLB presented with alimentary or urinary system symptoms should be removed surgically. This paper reviews the research progress in the formation cause, pathology, clinical and imaging manifestations, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of PLB.

Sarcopenia is a syndrome with progressive and extensive decrease of skeletal muscle mass and function, which has high morbidity in patients with gastrointestinal tumors, especially for gastric cancer. Sarcopenia will not only lead to body dysfunction, but also increase the risks of fracture, fall, complications, and even death. Sarcopenia is closely related to the treatment and prognosis of patients with gastric cancer, and is an independent risk factor for predicting poor prognosis of patients with gastric cancer. Timely nutritional support and exercise intervention can improve health outcomes for gastric cancer survivors through building muscle strength and attenuating sarcopenia.

The incidence of venous thromboembolism is gradually increasing. More than 70% of patients receiving standard anticoagulation treatment suffered from post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS), which will seriously reduce the quality of life and increase the economic burden. Therefore, rapid removal of thrombus, restoration of venous flow and reduce the incidence of PTS have become the focus of clinical research in recent years. The current treatment methods include systemic thrombolysis, catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT), surgical thrombectomy, thrombus aspiration, percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy (PMT), et al. PMT can rapidly remove acute or subacute thrombus through different physical methods and reduce the use of thrombolytic drugs. Although there is no high-quality evidence to prove that PMT has better safety and effectiveness than other treatments, it provides more choices for clinicians to achieve the best clinical effects. This paper aims to summarize the basic principles, advantages and limitations of PMT.

As essential nutrients for human beings， electrolytes play a central role in nutritional and metabolic support treatment. To further standardize the use of electrolyte preparations in parenteral nutrition， China International Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care Clinical Nutrition Health Branch， Chinese Medical Doctor Association Nutritionist Professional Committee， Chinese Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition， and Chinese Nutrition Society Branch of Clinical Nutrition，invited authoritative experts in the fields of critical medicine， emergency medicine， internal medicine，surgery， and pharmacology in China to create this expert consensus. This consensus was based on the latest guidelines and evidence-based medicine at home and abroad， and combined with the actual clinical medical environment in China. This consensus covered the following topics: electrolytes monitoring during parenteral nutrition， risk assessment and nutritional treatment of refeeding syndrome， electrolytes supplementation during parenteral nutrition for various diseases （including severe diseases， heart failure， post-surgical short bowel syndrome， perioperative period， trauma， diabetic foot， chronic kidney disease， liver disease， neonates），and the compatibility principles of electrolyte preparations in parenteral nutrition. Finally， 13 clinical questions and 26 recommendations were proposed aiming at providing scientific， standardized， and practical guidance for the rational application of electrolytes in parenteral nutrition.

Micronutrients, including trace elements and vitamins, are essential nutrients in human metabolism. The majority of patients who need nutritional therapy have different levels of micronutrient deficiency for various reasons, which can lead to disease progression and affect clinical outcomes. In order to further standardize the application of micronutrients in medical nutrition therapy, nearly 100 experts in related fields were organized by the Chinese Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (CSPEN) to elaborate on the role and dosage of micronutrients based on the existing evidence-based medical evidence in common clinical conditions such as severe illness, surgery, burns, inflammatory bowel disease, short bowel disease, malignant tumors, chronic liver and kidney disease, elderly comorbidity, weight loss and chronic infection. Finally, 13 questions and 30 recommendations were put forward to provide reference for clinical standard application of parenteral and enteral nutrition in adult patients.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the main form of liver cancer, and it is difficult to achieve the desirable effect for the current clinical treatment methods. Therefore, it is urgent to explore new and effective treatment methods. T cell receptor-gene engineered T cells (TCR-T) therapy has been proved to be a great promising immunotherapy because of its successful application in solid tumors. In this review, we focus on the occurrence, development and application of TCR-T immunotherapy in HCC. Some strategies are proposed, including optimizing TCR affinity, reducing toxicity, reducing mismatch of double strand in exogenous and endogenous TCR, improving tumor microenvironment, and promoting TCR-T cell expansion.

Gastric cancer ranks among the most prevalent and lethal malignancies in China， with approximately 30%-40% of patients diagnosed at stage.Although systemic therapy has modestly improved survival in some cases， the overall prognosis remains poor.In recent years， advancements in precision surgical concepts and oncology research have introduced novel individualized treatment strategies centered on immunotherapy， precision molecular subtyping， and multi-omics testing， offering new opportunities for managing stage gastric cancer.However， there is currently no established consensus in China on the standardized implementation of conversion therapy for stage disease.To address this gap， the Chinese Expert Consensus on Precision Surgery for Gastric Cancer Conversion Therapy （2025 Edition） is developed through multidisciplinary collaboration among experts in gastrointestinal surgery， medical oncology，radiology， and pathology.This consensus systematically reviews the latest clinical evidence on conversion therapy， incorporates insights into critical challenges in Chinese clinical practice， and refines key aspects including patient stratification， molecular guided precision therapy， prediction of conversion success， surgical planning， and perioperative management.The document aims to standardize clinical practices for stage gastric cancer conversion therapy and provide clinicians with scientifically robust and practical decisionmaking guidance.